Abstract: It is often found in the same project, different managers can rely on their professional experience and subjective judgments, choose a different management approach. And apply the same management, some managers can achieve remarkable results, some management might lead to project failure. The reason is because people have different views on the issue caused. Therefore, the project management process to analyze the problem will help to improve the management of the project management level and practical ability, and produce good results.
Keywords: Project Management Analysis
1. Introduction
In the project management process, not all problems can be a smooth, timely solution, need feedback on the basis of repeated analysis. Management of the project development process in obtaining the output of intermediate results or the results of the final stage, may change the original idea, or gather more information and to amend the original results. For example, project managers understand the consequences of previous solutions, are often difficult to be sure to make a goal; in access to some of the message may tighten regulation and increase management constraints, to amend the original management plan. In addition, the project management process to focus on management and project communication and dialogue between the sponsors. Various management areas and management stages of the project sponsor's proposal and the judge. Moreover, the continued dialogue means that the project sponsors to consider all aspects of the problem, was personally involved in the project management process so that the management process is supported, so as not to fail because of too much resistance. In practice, project managers tend to oversimplify the problem, they used to project all the problems to be solved for precise definition and delimitation of the borders of their own directly to some of the factors required in strict accordance with management plans to change or maintain unchanged. Therefore, the project management are faced with a situation, organization, personnel and other factors set composed of complex issues, on issues of particular importance.
2. The problem of the specific content of
In the project management process, often there are two officers from the different effects: one is the question, that is the project sponsor, the results of his assessment of project management; the other is to solve the problem, that is, project managers, He is responsible for project management process. Accordingly, we can project management activities are divided into two parts, one of the issues, focus on the perspective from the project sponsors need to understand the problems the project set; first solve the problem, focus from the professional viewpoint, and analyze problem solution. Of course, the two are interrelated, the question implies the content of the resources required to solve the problem with the request, and have the resources and affects the content of the boundary question.
In analyzing the issue stage, we should project in a specific problem-solving specific problems and provide a detailed description of activities: provision boundary issues and constraints, partition the system and the environment, explain problem-solving strategies and resources, and explain the problem content and problem-solving activities between the two matches. In addition, the practice of project management, also need to distinguish between policy makers, those who ask questions, clients and systems analysts. Policy makers can take action to mobilize resources in order to change the content of the project; question who is disturbed by a situation, understood the situation and objectives of the inappropriate person; client, to accept the wishes of policy makers to commission others to engage in a entry system analysis work; systems analysts, are professionals and should not involve itself in the interests of unbiased position.
Specifically, we analyze the content of the question phase into 5 parts:
1. Of the nature and conditions
Here consists of two parts: analysis of the problem of the nature and conditions of the problem. Analysis of the problem is mainly to ascertain the various problems associated with the formation of a collection of issues and their context, that is the problem of structure, process and situation. To this end, project managers and policy makers must be broadly, and interests of persons concerned for dialogue and communication. One can question the way with the necessary information, such as the following questions: Do you think there is any problem? Why is this a problem? How do occur, what causes it? What is the importance of solving this problem? What possible solution to this? Who can take action to solve the problem? The consequences of such actions? And so on. Through various means of communication, project management is possible on the issue of structure, process and situation to get a more accurate overall impression.
Conditions of the problem is mainly to ascertain the resources needed to solve the problem. To this end, the project managers in the management process need to know: What are the resource allocation? Who of the distribution? Distribution of those terms, the role of how? Monitoring the use of resources, control how the system? And so on.
On the nature and conditions of analysis, the goal was to examine whether the nature and conditions of matching tasks and resources required to make considerable. If the power can not and or more than enough to make appropriate adjustments in two ways, up to roughly balance, so as to optimize management and lay a good foundation.
2. In the landmark Department to conduct summary
The entire project management process should be divided into several milestone. At every milestone, he shall be timely summary of the preceding work, and to plan follow-up adjustment. The main content of this work include: the importance of the identification phase; may take action to organizations and individuals; interested organizations and individuals; objectives, evaluation indicators, and other constraints of the preliminarily described. Department Summary by the milestone, project managers can see in the next step needed to solve the problem management process, the general direction and in the field, in order to give greater attention, while the effect is obvious for some management areas may not need to invest large energy.
3. The development of management objectives
In the project management process, to implement effective management, the key is a clear management objectives as soon as possible. However, the special project development, it is difficult to obtain from the project sponsors to determine an accurate description of management should achieve. Management of institutional barriers and individual preferences manager, the project sponsor's knowledge, the project manager may lead to deviations in the target formulation.
We believe that there are levels of management objectives, including the high-level goals and lower targets. For example, to improve the organization's software development capacity, improve the process capability maturity is a high-level goals; in a specific phase of the project cost, speed up the progress of the lower targets. In general, the more high-level goal for more people more acceptable to use during the long, wide. Low-level objectives should be subject to high-level goals. However, more clear and specific goals of low-level, easy to analyze, manage. Therefore, managers need to structure a comprehensive analysis of management objectives, select the appropriate level of target. Target is too general and difficult to manage; too specific and easy sweeping. In addition, the same level of project management is often more than one target, such as writing code in a specific phase of the project, it is necessary to improve the development, and also to ensure program quality, the resources given case, the two are conflicting. That is, if two or more goals, unless a target belonging to another, or between these goals are always conflicting. In this case, project managers need to prioritize the various objectives, first of all ensure that the highest priority goals, and then as far as possible without compromising the underlying premise of the first project to achieve the second objective, to maximize the overall realization of the project target.
4. To determine management effectiveness evaluation
In order to measure the effectiveness of project management, managers need to identify a set of evaluation. A reasonable evaluation index can accurately reflect the effect of management, but it does not mean that any indicators are reasonable. For example, using the number of lines of code developer effort as a measure of the indicators is inappropriate, because the individual programming style, using the programming language, will affect the accuracy of this indicator.
In the evaluation process, but also the actual situation of the project, discharge all the indicators of priorities. When there is difficult to directly quantify the targets, you can easily use other quantitative proxy indicators. In the case of multiple targets, it must be combined into a single indicator. We can not simply be a variety of very different types of evaluation hardware make up a single evaluation index, which is undesirable. Our common approach is to weight each index analysis, and then integrated to arrive at a utility value function. It is worth noting that this utility function to a large extent is the project manager I am the relative importance of various indicators to evaluate the degree results of great subjectivity. Therefore, the project management personnel should be under the guidance of systems analysis, in accordance with the system analysis, scientific distribution of weight. Evaluation to determine not only the effect of management in order to obtain the conclusion is that it brings important information to project managers easy-to grasp the management of weak links, to find a solution.
5. Identify the constraints in the management process
Constraints of project management in practice restrictions. Only constraint violations do not directly or indirectly, the management method is feasible in practice. It may be resource constraints, organizational structure of the constraints, regulations and policies of the boundaries and so on. Project management practice in the project is facing various constraints, such as any selected or comprehensive care, are bound to cause confusion in the management of the entire project. For example, in a software development, in strict accordance with the constraints to design a technically may need to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, but if we adopt other means to resolve, Bingbu needs so Juda input. Therefore, the project managers to balance, from the perspective of the project's overall problem, when necessary, should give up this constraint.
Of course, the issue stage of the analysis can not put all the constraints have a clear, this is a gradual accumulation in the management process, the amendment process. Any stage in the project and found that the management of constraints should be added in time.
3. Proposed solution
Propose solutions through multiple channels. Decision makers or question the opinions and ideas is one of the channels. Project managers in the process of investigation and research to a variety of views can be collected. In addition, the systems analysts can also make a number of management measures. However, any management measures are proposed and project management are dependent on the formation of the analysis and generalization ability, imagination, creativity and deep understanding of the project practice. In a specific project management process, the knowledge level of uneven development environment varied needs of diverse clients, which are unable to adopt a fixed management, project managers need to explore and summarized.
In the process of solution should be possible to consider various factors, every opportunity not to miss and recommendations. Initially difficult to understand the idea, but after careful study may be justified. Measures may be due to a violation of existing policies and regulations, does not meet or exceed the habit of people will bear be regarded as unrealistic, but that does not mean not worth considering. If as a potential management measures to analysis, the conclusion will be more persuasive, perhaps some influential policy makers recognize that such measures in other aspects of the advantages and attraction, probably alter the requirement that , policies which have seemed unrealistic to approach a reasonable approach. It is noteworthy that organizations and individuals conduct the impact of the solution. Project involves various departments are always looking to take advantage of their management style, while avoiding those who knew of the project as a whole has been favorable and unfavorable to the measures. There are many factors that will limit the idea of a good solution. As the bias, as some sort of project management solutions, these people may have no base that they can not manage according to this program to obey. On the other hand, the program may also receive active support, that this is the best solution.
We believe that project managers must have the support of decision makers, otherwise the upper resistance as a result of the failure of the project. However, if you just match up, one-sided pursuit of the intention to meet the decision makers can not play its own role, it will also incur the risk of failure. Excellent project managers should carry out its work effectively, Anzhao The overall project goal and constraints, Genju practical experience and scientific theoretical guidance to the rigorous screening solution, obviously not in line overall 利益 project management method to be deleted, or modify its content. Overall, a good solution should meet the following characteristics:
1. Adaptability: Because project management is a process of uncertainty, the solution should be able to meet a variety of situations to provide guidance on the needs of the project, in various stages of project implementation, it should all be valid.
2. Maneuverability: policy-makers should first obtain the support, followed by the implementation of the program should be easy to operate, if the order in accordance with the management of the program required lots of manpower and material on the head.
3. Continuity: project development, a major characteristic is the adoption of modular design, a large flow. Therefore, the solution should also have a strong continuity, the members of a change in the project, from the change management system should continue to guide the project without interruption of normal activities.
4. Reliability: required implementation solutions are not errors or mistakes can return to normal as soon as possible, but not cause a great loss. This requires the establishment of regulatory and oversight bodies and information feedback.
Solutions proposed in the course of the project management from start to finish to pay attention to explore new and better programs, we must be careful but also the courage to put forward innovative proposals. A good solution is the basis for project management for the success of the project, which is very critical.
4. Decision
When the issue of clear, the necessary decision-making. Decision-making is the management, decision-making is the decision. In the project management process, managers need the right decision analysis to support the increasingly large and increasingly complex management activities. Personal decision-making and group decision making, qualitative and quantitative decision making, single-objective decision-making and multi-objective decision making points. Strategic decision-making is at a higher level of decision-making. In systems analysis and systems integration, based on project management should be based on subjective preferences, the subjective utility and subjective probability to make the right decision. The nature of decision-making reflects the subjective understanding of project management capacity, therefore, will inevitably be subjective cognitive limitations. In recent years, making people pay attention to analysis, systems analysis will be a variety of data, condition, model and algorithms on the decision support system, the system even includes a function of a deductive reasoning knowledge base, then decision-makers in making subjective decision-making, decision support system from trying to get results as soon as possible responses, subjective judgments and objective in order to get the same effect. Decision support systems under certain conditions, play a role in decision-making more scientific and rationalization. However, in practice the project decision-making process, was making objects often contain many uncertainties and difficult to describe the phenomenon, such as social environment and human behavior into a mathematical model can not have an abstract, even with the expert system, it is impossible logical inference, synthesis and verification process as possible, as the human brain, creative thinking, it can not determine the number of random factors. Group decision-making help to overcome some of the individual errors in decision-making subjective judgments, but the group decision-making process is rather long. In order to achieve efficient decision making, in theory and application software development, many people have done a lot of work. If more than multi-objective decision theory, principal from the decision theory, system consultation and negotiation, conflict analysis, and some applications have been practical. With the decision-making should be implemented, we must rely on strict and effective implementation of the plan. To software development, for example, to achieve the project development tasks and development objectives, it is necessary to develop phased development plan and future development plans. Conditions permitting, but also by product group, project team, development officers to develop implementation plans. A major development project involving the design, development, research and coding, and many other links, each link also involved in organizing large numbers of people, financial, and material. The need to develop plans to protect.
5. Summary
Project management process is a complicated system. From the engineering point of view, the project involves the number of Mu Biao Guan Li general requirements of a good project management staff, should be practice-oriented in the analysis of Wentinengli, Jiehelilun Zhi Shi, Xing Cheng a set of effective the management practices and Zai through practice to test it scientifically. As we often say, project management is an art, but art is endless.
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