With the rapid development of science and technology, human society has entered the era of knowledge economy.In this era of knowledge-driven, knowledge is the most important strategic resource, knowledge innovation is the core competitiveness of enterprises sustainable.Conform to the requirements of the rise of the knowledge economy, knowledge management came into being in the world set off a new management revolution.
The Delphi Group companies in the United States, a survey found that ended in April 1998, 51% of U.S. companies have implemented knowledge management.KPMG's survey also showed that the 100 largest companies in the UK, 43% of the company began to implement knowledge management.After the implementation of knowledge management of these enterprises have made great development.Nokia Group after the implementation of knowledge management, its telecommunications business increased by 70%.General can be special - knowledge management Gamble after its profit margin from 6.4% to 11.6%.In China, some enterprises have begun to pilot knowledge management, and achieve greater success.In short, the development of knowledge economy, knowledge management is a necessary requirement, it will become the twenty-first century, the new direction of business management.
What is knowledge management? American Productivity and Quality Center (APQC) that: "Knowledge management is to improve the competitiveness of enterprises and the knowledge to identify, acquire and fully play its role in the process." U.S. co-founder of Delphi GroupVladimir Paul Carr said: "Knowledge management is the use of collective wisdom to improve responsiveness and innovation," "is for enterprises to achieve sharing of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge provides a new way."The main objective of knowledge management within the enterprise to promote knowledge sharing, to encourage knowledge innovation, knowledge and value-added to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.
Now, the concept of knowledge management have begun to be accepted for our business, but there are still some errors of understanding, it is worth our attention.
Misunderstanding one: knowledge management is information management
Some people think that knowledge is information, knowledge management is information management, knowledge officer (CKO) is the chief information officer (CIO).This is a typical narrow understanding of knowledge management.
1, knowledge is not equal to information
First, the information is only part of the knowledge.According to the 1996 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) of the "knowledge-based economy," the report, including the four categories of knowledge: ⑴ "know what" the fact that knowledge (know-what); ⑵ "know why" the principle ofknowledge (know-why); ⑶ "know what to do," the skills and knowledge (know-how); ⑷ "know who" the interpersonal knowledge (know-what).[5] Thus, knowledge of the concept than the concept of information is much broader.Information is limited to "know what", "know why", that is recorded in some material carrier of knowledge, which we call "explicit knowledge."And "know how", "know who" is stored in the brains of people experience, experience, skills, know-how, inspiration and other public and secret knowledge, or it can be felt hard to express the knowledge, we call"tacit knowledge."
Secondly, the knowledge is useful information.Information includes the correct information and false information, correct information is useful information, false information is useless information.The knowledge is correct, are useful.Xerox of knowledge is defined as: "Knowledge is something that people use information to improve labor productivity."
2, knowledge management is the transformation of information management and beyond
80 20th century American scholar, D · A · Maxia De (Marchand) proposed: information management is divided into five stages: the early 20th century to the late 50s as a literature management stage, the 20th century, mid 60's to 70 stages for the automated technology management,the late 20th century, 70 to 80 years for the information resource management stage, the 20th century, 90 years of knowledge management, knowledge management is the latest stage in the development of information management and the highest level.In fact, information management, knowledge management is the foundation and an important part of knowledge management, information management is not only the development and extension of information management is the change and beyond.
First, information management is only concerned about the management of explicit knowledge, to the neglect of the management of tacit knowledge.The tacit knowledge often has exclusive, development and utilization of relatively high value, management is more difficult.
Second, the information management attention only on the existing information collection, collation, to the neglect of the production of new knowledge, and create.
Third, only the emphasis on information management information management and information technology itself, while ignoring the information, knowledge, activities, processes and personnel management.
Fourth, the information management focus only at the right time, in an appropriate manner, to the appropriate staff to provide appropriate information, the information is free of charge simply as a business resource; and failed to capitalize on the knowledge value-added operations to achieve knowledge.
3, knowledge can not replace the information officer in charge
London, Michael Earl and Ian Scott scholars teach that: business executives, the role of knowledge is beyond the scope of information technology, and thus include, for example training, skills, incentives, strategy.Because knowledge management far beyond the scope of information technology, so companies need a thinking man to human resources, information technology and strategy to combine.Director of business knowledge in the establishment of knowledge management should not be regarded as an extension of information management in order to avoid completely replace the knowledge-information officer in charge, because it tends to lead to the focus on knowledge management and information technology development, rather than placed in the knowledgesharing, innovation and value-added on.Vladimir Paul Carr said: In the enterprise, the status of the knowledge residing in charge of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and information between the competent, that is, knowledge, competent to accept the leadership of CEO and CIO of the right leadership.
Thus, knowledge management is not a simple extension of information management and development, but rather a transformation of information management and beyond, is a new corporate management.
Error two: Knowledge management is human resource management
Who is both a carrier of knowledge storage, but also the knowledge innovation.Knowledge Management attaches great importance to human resources management.But does not mean that knowledge management is the human resources management.
1, the human resources management is an important part of knowledge management
Well-known knowledge management expert Thomas H · Davenport said: "Since knowledge resides primarily among employees, but also to the use and sharing to its employees in order to obtain results of operations, then to not only management information knowledge management and information technology, but also a manager. "[10] also said that eventually the need to implement knowledge management to human management.However, the knowledge management strategy involves the development of enterprises, information technology, research and development, business processes, customer relations, corporate culture and other fields, these are far from human resources management can not reach of.Therefore, human resources management is an important part of knowledge management.
2, human resource management and knowledge management is concerned with a different focus
First, human resources management who does his best just pay attention to giving full play to the talent of each employee; and greater emphasis on knowledge management, knowledge sharing for employees, integration of enterprise knowledge resources team, and improving the overall ability of knowledge innovation, fully tap "collective wisdom. "
Second, mobilization of human resources management focus exclusively on the enthusiasm of staff, improve staff capacity; and encourage employees to pay more attention to knowledge management, knowledge sharing, training of staff knowledge innovation.
Third, human resource management tend to focus on the use of material incentives and external incentives, that is mainly used to win over affection or small favors to motivate staff; and more emphasis on knowledge management and internal incentives to encourage the spirit, that is primarily self-development by encouraging staff to helpmotivate talented employees to self-realization.
Finally, the pursuit of best use of human resources management, staff make full use of existing knowledge resources; knowledge management, the pursuit of unlimited talent, that human potential is unlimited, enterprises should fully tap the potential knowledge of human resources.
Thus, human resources management is an important part of knowledge management, knowledge management, human resources management content is much lower than the content to be rich and deep.
Misunderstanding number three: knowledge management is to establish a corporate information network and knowledge base
Now, many Western companies an important knowledge management initiatives is the establishment of the enterprise information network and enterprise knowledge base to store information network and knowledge base as knowledge, transferring knowledge, sharing knowledge, staff training platform.It was established that the enterprise information network and knowledge base is to implement a knowledge management.This knowledge is narrow.
1, Information Network and Knowledge Base is a platform for knowledge sharing
Knowledge management to promote "sharing knowledge is power."First, information exchange requirements of knowledge sharing, knowledge transfer.In order to improve information exchange, knowledge of the speed, quality, and spatial and temporal scales, companies need to establish information network and knowledge base.But only the establishment of information network and knowledge base and can not guarantee staff willing to offer their knowledge, especially tacit knowledge, for others to share.Traditionally, people think that their tacit knowledge of its personal value, if you take out this part of knowledge-sharing, he may not favor value or even lose their job.As a result, they often tacit knowledge of these secret does not show, only passing on their descendants.Therefore, the information network and knowledge base is to provide technical and knowledge-sharing medium, to realize knowledge sharing, the key is to establish a mutual sharing of knowledge, encourage employees incentives to promote knowledge sharing and create a corporate culture.
2, the information network and knowledge base for knowledge innovation and knowledge can add value
Information Network and Knowledge Base provides a platform for knowledge sharing, but the company's ultimate goal of knowledge management, not only for knowledge sharing, but primarily for the knowledge innovation, knowledge and value, and improving the competitiveness and adaptability.Knowledge innovation also depends on the innovative enterprises to establish an effective mechanism to develop the innovative capacity and innovation, the only information network and knowledge base is not enough.
Thus, information network and knowledge base is a knowledge management business "hardware" basis and has been, the key lies in knowledge management "software" environment.
Misunderstanding of the four: knowledge management is knowledge management software
Now, the market appears a lot of knowledge management software.Some people think that the purchase and use of knowledge management, knowledge management software is implemented, this understanding is suffering from the "knowledge management is to establish a corporate information network and knowledge base," the same error, the narrow understanding of knowledge management as a newmanagement techniques and management methods.
1, knowledge management software, the expense of the management body of knowledge
Provides a knowledge management software knowledge management solutions and technology tools, which mainly focuses on the management of enterprise knowledge resource itself, but can not the body of knowledge - the effective management of employees, in particular, can not be knowledge to promote and motivate staffsharing and knowledge innovation.
2, the realization of knowledge management should be "culture first, technology second"
Ernst & Young 1997, U.S. and European companies on the top leaders of 431 companies conducted a survey of knowledge management, inappropriate corporate culture is the greatest obstacle to implementing knowledge management.Many entrepreneurs recognize and nurture a knowledge-oriented corporate culture of knowledge management is the most critical success factor.Implementation of knowledge management, "culture first, technology second," where companies should start with the most critical to the implementation of knowledge management: changes in corporate culture and knowledge management into enterprise business processes to go.In other words, the fundamental thrust of knowledge management is to establish a corporate culture to enable enterprises to truly become a knowledge-based organizations.
In summary, the "Information Management", "Human Resource Management", "Information Network and Knowledge Base," "knowledge management software" can only be referred to as the basis for knowledge management "debris" was not the essence of knowledge management.Knowledge management is not only an advanced management techniques, tools, methods, and is a scientific management model, guidelines, systems, or a new management ideas, concepts and consciousness.From a certain sense, it is a new type of corporate culture - the knowledge-oriented corporate culture.